The Fremington Clay Erratics

A definitive list of all the erratics identified from the Fremington Clays, Devon, with a refreshed interpretation and conclusion.

 

Erratic No./Name/Location	Lithology/Type	Description & Key Features	Original Source Suggestion	Modern Interpretation/Source	Primary Reference(s)
Large striated mafic dolerite/trap (Bickington clay-bed / Brannam's pits / potter's clay; removed post-discovery)	Mafic dolerite / basaltic trap	Large boulder (~1–5 tons); striated; isolated in middle of clay-bed (Unit B); embedded in stoneless potter's clay; similar to Saunton Downend erratics; exact dimensions unspecified.	Glacial till deposit; unspecified distant origin.	Local mafic intrusive (Devon, e.g., Culm Measures); glacial dropstone or reworked; first reported striated erratic, but context debated.	Maw (1864); Taylor (1956); Arber (1964); Wood (1973/1974); Croot et al. (1996)
Boulder III / No. 6 (quarter mile east of Combrew Farm; moved to Combrew Farm garden) (Photos below – still in situ Nov 2025)	Spilite / Vesicular granophyre (pillow-lava type)	Dark grey, finely crystalline; small white porphyritic albite felspars (plates/laths); micropegmatite groundmass; vesicular with pleochroic calcite infill; chlorite replaces scarce ferromagnesian minerals; no free quartz; ~40 x 30 x 25 inches; no striae or wedge-shape; longest axis E-W. Recorded as isolated in middle of clay-bed.	North/East Cornwall spilites (altered basalts).	Cornish spilitic pillow lavas (Meneage district); or local SW England altered basalt (Meldon–Dartmoor–Cornubian volcanic belt)	Dewey (1910); Taylor (1956); Arber (1964); Croot et al. (1996)
Boulder IV / No. 7 (Combrew Farm garden; later Chilcotts Farm gate-post) (Photos below – still in situ Nov 2025)	Hypersthene andesite / Hyalopilitic andesite	Dark grey-green, glassy, porphyritic, brittle; large pale olive-green acid labradorite felspars (two generations, ~50% rock volume, fresh, twinned on albite/pericline laws, zonal inclusions, RI=1.560 = 50% Ab-An); rhombic pyroxene (hypersthene) prisms only ferromagnesian (no augite/hornblende/olivine); abundant magnetite (rods/feathery/gridiron); ~50% brown glass base with zonal borders; ~16 inches across; well-rounded. Found ~22 ft below surface c. 1870.	West coast Scotland (e.g., Watt Carrick, Dumfries; Loch Craignish, Argyll); tentative, differs by lacking augite.	Local SW dykes (Tamar/Dartmoor); matches hypersthene-phyric andesite lenses in Meldon tuffs.	Dewey (1910); Taylor (1956); Arber (1964); Croot et al. (1996)
No. 8 (Fishley Pottery clay-pit; now near old pottery gate, approaching Combrew Farm) (Photo  below –  Not found in    Nov 2025)	Quartz porphyry	Light grey, holocrystalline, granitic texture; altered felspar/quartz phenocrysts (up to 5 mm, avg. 3 mm); little mica; fine pale base; amorphous red matrix; crushed/irregular plagioclase, porphyritic quartz, long apatite prisms; epidote replaces mosaic; lichen-covered; flat top/base; 47 x 19 x 16 inches.	Local source (e.g., porphyritic dyke west of Devon/Cornwall coasts).	Local felsic dyke (Devon–Cornwall intrusive suite).	Taylor (1956); Croot et al. (1996)
No. 9 (Brannam's pits, Tews Lane, Bickington; through coarse white clay)	Quartz dolerite	Grey, highly crystalline/compact; fine-grained granite-like texture; soft milky-white kaolinized felspar (lath outlines); trace quartz (primary); reddish fresh augite (slight edge alteration); little magnetite/secondary calcite; long needle apatite prisms with inclusions; ellipsoidal, rounded; lower mean weight; no sub-ophitic texture. Found in middle of brown clay.	Local Devon intrusions; no diagnostic distant features.	Dartmoor dykes (e.g., Meldon dolerite sheets); hydrothermal alteration common; fluvial entrainment via Taw/Okement.	Taylor (1956); Arber (1964); Croot et al. (1996)
No. 10 (Brannam's pits; far side of pit surface, two pieces)	Olivine dolerite	Darker grey, more crystalline than No. 9; soft felspar crystals with calcite (weak acid reaction); micro-pegmatitic ophitic structure with crossed flows; plagioclase tabs enclosed; transverse ilmenite prisms; yellow olivine grains; slight quartz orientation; some felspar extinction; ~300 lb; irregular/angular.	Local Devon; common type.	Devon minor intrusions (e.g., aureole basic sheets); fresh, with diagnostic apatite; local reworking.	Taylor (1956); Arber (1964); Croot et al. (1996)
No. 13 (Brannam's pits, 1962 excavation)	Quartz dolerite	Similar to No. 9; specifics limited; found ~10 ft from top of clay.	Unspecified local.	As per No. 9; unified aureole source.	Vachell (1963); Arber (1964); Taylor (1956, implied)
Unidentified boulder 1 (Brannam's pits, pre-1957)	Unspecified igneous	Smooth, rounded; ~19 inches long; excavated 10 ft below upper surface of clay.	Unspecified.	Likely local mafic/intermediate; embedded in clay heart.	Arber (1964)
Unidentified boulder 2 (Brannam's pits, 1957)	Unspecified igneous	Smooth, rounded;  excavated 16 ft below upper surface of clay.	Unspecified.	As above; supports glacial origin via in-situ position.	Arber (1964)
Olivine-dolerite pebble (Brannam's pits, 1955)	Olivine dolerite	Small pebble; 2–3 ft above clay base; similar to No. 10.	Local Devon.	As per No. 10; pre-depositional wear.	Taylor (1956); Arber (1964)
Carboniferous grit slab (Brannam's pits)	Carboniferous grit (sedimentary)	Waterworn slab; ~5 inches, 1.25 inches thick; flat surfaces with red ferric oxide skin (infiltration along bedding cracks).	Local Carboniferous.	Okement-derived; waterworn pre-inclusion; minor erratic.	Taylor (1956)
Granodiorite boulder (Brannam's pits / potter's clay; removed post-discovery)	Granodiorite	Large (1–5 tons); erratic in stoneless potter's clay (Unit B/C); similar to Saunton Downend erratics.	Unknown provenance.	Possible local granites (e.g., Dartmoor).	Arber (1964); Wood (1973/1974); Croot et al. (1996)
Small striated alkali micro-dolerite cobble (Higher Gorse pits, 1994 excavation / Brannam's pits, Unit B; 5 m depth)	Alkali micro-dolerite	Small striated boulder/cobble (flat-iron subglacial type with exceptionally well-striated faces); in main clay unit (Unit B); ~50% plagioclase felspar phenocrysts (poorly twinned, skeletal, zoned, sericite-altered); altered ferromagnesian minerals (chlorite pseudomorphs); titaniferous augite laths; numerous unfilled vesicles.	Unspecified; indicative of glacial transport.	Local basic intrusive; glacially transported in-situ clast (dropstone from iceberg/glacier); supports glaciolacustrine origin.	Croot et al. (1996); Gilbert (pers. comm.)
Trachy-andesite (Pen Hill, Taw Estuary beach/estuarine sand)	Trachy-andesite	Partially buried boulder; specifics limited.	Unspecified.	Likely SW England volcanic source; reworked into estuarine deposits.	Croot et al. (1996); Gilbert (pers. comm.)
Grey elvan (general Fremington area)	Grey elvan (porphyritic dyke rock)	Quartz-felspar porphyry type; specifics limited; multiple occurrences.	Local dykes (Devon/Cornwall).	Common Cornubian elvan dyke lithology (local provenance very likely)	Taylor (1956); Croot et al. (1996)
Miscellaneous till erratics (Brannam's pits; Units B/D)	Varied (dolerite, granite, gneiss, flint, local Devonian/Carboniferous grits/shales/sandstones/limestones)	Sub-angular/rounded pebbles/cobbles/boulders; in lodgement till; includes striated stones, lignite, shell fragments; derived microfauna (e.g., Nonion labradoricum).	Irish Sea Basin (e.g., flint from Chalk, gneiss/granite exotics).	Mostly local (10 km radius, e.g., Culm gravels); rare exotics via ice-rafting; supports Irish Sea ice oscillations.	Stephens (1966a, 1970a); Wood (1974); Croot et al. (1996)

 

 

Conclusion

The Fremington Clay erratic assemblage is dominated by lithologies that can be sourced within the immediate South-West England bedrock province, particularly the Culm Basin, Dartmoor aureole, and Cornubian igneous suite. The petrography, rounding, and stratigraphic context of the larger clasts indicate derivation and short-distance transport within local fluvial systems and, at times, by locally confined ice or ice-rafted debris. A very small number of rounded pebbles, including rare far-travelled lithologies, may reflect limited marine or estuarine ice-rafting rather than sustained glacial incursion. Crucially, all confirmed erratics occur at elevations of approximately 15 m OD, with no verified examples above this level. This altitude constraint strongly suggests that the Fremington deposits record low-level glacial–marginal or proglacial processes, rather than a substantial high-level Irish Sea ice lobe overriding the North Devon coast. It is essential to distinguish between the erratics of the Fremington Clay Series and those associated with the Saunton raised beach deposits, lest they be conflated in discussions of Quaternary glaciation in North Devon. Saunton's assemblage features larger, more exotic boulders—such as granites and gneisses potentially ice-rafted from the Irish Sea Basin—resting on shore platforms at similar elevations but indicative of marine incursion during sea-level highstands.  The evidence is therefore consistent with a landscape influenced by local fluvial and periglacial dynamics, episodic ice-rafting, and short-distance glacially assisted transport, rather than long-distance inland ice movement.

 

Photographs:

No.6 – Taylor 1956

No. 6 – Tim Daw – Nov. 2025 (rotated compared to Taylor’s photograph)  https://maps.app.goo.gl/8uvFckNu1TB7BFhd6

 

No.7 - Taylor – 1956

No.7 - Tim  Daw – Nov 2025.  https://maps.app.goo.gl/ijcV53LLrDUywAKR8

 

No. 8 – Taylor - 1956

 

 

References

·         Arber, M.A. (1964) Erratic boulders within the Fremington Clay of North Devon. Geological Magazine, 101, 282–3.

·         Croot, D.G., Gilbert, A., Griffiths, J. and Van Der Meer, J.J. (1996) The character, age and depositional environments of the Fremington Clay Series, north Devon. In The Quaternary of Devon and East Cornwall: Field Guide (eds D.J. Charman, R.M. Newnham and D.G. Croot), Quaternary Research Association, London, pp. 14–34.

·         Stephens, N. (1966b) Some Pleistocene deposits in North Devon. Biuletyn Peryglacjalny, 15, 103–14.

·         Taylor, C.W. (1956) Erratics of the Saunton and Fremington areas. Report and Transactions of the Devonshire Associaton for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art, 88, 52–64.

·         Vachell, E.T. (1963) Fifth report on geology. Report and Transactions of the Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art, 95, 100–7.

·         Wood, T.R. (1974) Quaternary deposits around Fremington. In Exeter Field Meeting, Easter 1974 (ed. A. Straw), Quaternary Research Association Handbook, Exeter, pp. 30–4.

Buried landscapes of the Avon Riverside and the Mesolithic of the Stonehenge Area.

The Buried Landscapes project is a multi-institution, interdisciplinary research programme that maps and dates the buried Holocene sediments, palaeochannels and loess deposits around the River Avon and the eastern margin of the Stonehenge landscape (the Blick Mead / Vespasian’s Camp–Amesbury area). Its goal is to recover long environmental sequences preserved beneath later sediments so palaeoecological proxies (pollen, sedaDNA, macrofossils), OSL/14C dating and geoarchaeology can reconstruct valley evolution, wetland formation and the timing of open vs. wooded conditions prior to monument construction. The project is described on the UK Research and project partner pages and brings together universities (Southampton, UCL, Bradford, Leipzig, etc.) with specialist geoarchaeological teams. 

Closely linked is the focused research on Blick Mead, the chalk-spring locality just east of Stonehenge, which provides an exceptionally long and rich Mesolithic sequence of human activity, faunal remains and environmental samples. Multi-proxy studies from Blick Mead (pollen, sedimentary DNA, faunal analysis) indicate repeated Mesolithic occupation in a partially open clearing exploited for large ungulates (aurochs, deer) over millennia — a setting that would later have been amenable to Neolithic monument builders because large open patches already existed. Publications and project reports (including a detailed PLoS ONE study) show how environmental reconstructions from Blick Mead directly inform hypotheses about landscape continuity from Mesolithic hunter-gatherers to Neolithic ritual activity.

Methodologically the Buried Landscapes programme ties palaeoenvironmental cores, sedaDNA and geochronology to the legacy of the Stonehenge Riverside and related regional projects: where the earlier Stonehenge Riverside Project established links between rivers, monuments and movement across the Avon–Salisbury Plain corridor, the buried-landscapes work supplies the sedimentary and dating framework that explains why particular places (springheads, terrace edges, palaeochannels) attracted people in the Mesolithic and remained important through the Neolithic. In practice this means combining LiDAR/geomorphology, borehole logs and OSL dating with artefact distributions and HER/CRM records to relocate palaeochannels and targeted test excavations. 

The project’s broader significance is twofold. First, it reframes the Stonehenge zone as a longue durée landscape with deep Mesolithic roots — not an empty prehistory cleared only by Neolithic farmers — which affects interpretations of monument placement, access and memory. Second, by producing a fine-grained environmental chronology across the Avon corridor, it provides a template other regional studies can use to locate buried Mesolithic deposits (e.g., springheads, gravel rises) and to integrate geoarchaeology with lithic/faunal assemblage studies across southern Britain. The Buried Landscapes outputs therefore sit as a crucial bridge between site-level discoveries (Blick Mead, Ufton Bridge, etc.) and wider questions about cultural continuity, mobility and the environmental preconditions for monumentality.

In addition to the long‐term palaeoenvironmental sequence around the Stonehenge corridor, geo-archaeological investigations at Jubilee Gardens, Ringwood, on the lower Hampshire Avon floodplain have provided a high-resolution sedimentary record for the early Holocene and later. Two boreholes drilled in March 2022 revealed basal deposits that date to the early Neolithic (c. 3530-3370 cal BC) and show transitions from alder-carr and wetland vegetation to more open grassland, then later wetter conditions and floodplain re-working. These results offer a rare opportunity in the Avon valley to contextualise human activity and environmental change: even where no direct Mesolithic occupation has been found at the site, the geological model helps to explain the formation of potential Mesolithic surfaces, palaeochannels or gravel rises across the floodplain, and therefore helps target where Mesolithic remains might survive.

• Hudson, S. M., Pears, B., Jacques, D., Fonville, T., Hughes, P., Alsos, I. G., … & Brown, A. G. (2022). Life before Stonehenge: The hunter-gatherer occupation and environment of Blick Mead revealed by sedaDNA, pollen and spores. PLoS ONE 17(4): e0266789. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266789

• Brown, A. G. et al. (2022). Buried landscapes of the Avon Riverside and the Mesolithic of the Stonehenge Area. AHRC Research Project. University of Southampton. https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH/W002868/1

• University of Southampton. (2022, April). Study reveals Stonehenge landscape before the world-famous monument. https://www.southampton.ac.uk/news/2022/04/blick-mead.page

• The Deutsches Archäologisches Institut. Project Overview: Buried landscapes of the Avon Riverside and the Mesolithic of the Stonehenge Area. https://www.dainst.org/en/research/projects/noslug/579

• Taylor, J., Langdon, C. T., Scaife, R. & Cameron, N. G. (2025) The River That Swallowed the Ringwood Prehistoric Landscape: Geoarchaeological investigations in advance of the development of the A31, Hampshire, England. Internet Archaeology, 69. https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.69.6

• AOC Archaeology Group (2025) Digital Archive from a Geoarchaeological Borehole Evaluation at Jubilee Gardens, Ringwood, Hampshire, March 2022. Archaeology Data Service. https://doi.org/10.5284/1129480

•  Additional thematic context: People visited Stonehenge site thousands of years before it was built – dating studies (ScienceDirect article) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0262407922007898

Finding the Fremington Clay Erratics - Updated

Finding the Fremington Clay Erratics

 I have been studying the original descriptions of the erratics found in the Fremington Clays, which are very different to the nearby Coastal Ice Rafted erratics, and sadly they have been lumped in with them which has caused confusion.

I think I have found two of the original half a dozen, so they could be examined again and the very old descriptions of them could be updated.

The original references are:

Dewey, H. (1910). Notes on some igneous rocks from North Devon. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 21(4), 429–434.

Taylor, C.W. (1956) Erratics of the Saunton and Fremington areas. Report and Transactions of the Devonshire Associaton for the Advancement of Science, Literature and Art, 88, 52–64.)

  The following  photos and text are from Taylor (1956):

 

 

There are two boulders from this district which are mentioned in the literature, and both of them were found without any difficulty, as they are preserved, and it would appear that enquiries for them are not infrequent. The present owner of Combrew Farm, Mr. Tucker, is aware of their interest, and unnecessary "hammering" is discouraged. The third boulder, which, though mentioned, has not so far been described or figured, came originally from the clay-pit of the old Fishley Pottery, now long disused, while as regards recent finds, two further masses have been obtained from the brown clay of Brannam's pit and are noted below. Although the literature makes no mention of the fact, the boulders Nos. 6 and 7 following are understood from local information to have been found also in the clay of the Fishley pit.

No. 6. A boulder is mentioned by Dewey (“a dark grey, finely crystalline rock with small white porphyritic felspars in the groundmass”)  as at Bickington, about a quarter mile east of Combrew Farm, but owing to development, it has recently been moved to the garden on the right of the gateway to the main yard of the Farm. In case any ultra-zealous Glacialist should fit certain scars on portions of this rock, the author hastens to mention that it was dragged in its present position instead of being ruthlessly broken up on site, a consideration which is highly appreciated.

The original measurements and photograph have been given by Dewey, which need not be repeated here; it may be added, however, that the mass shows no distinct striae or wedge-shape, and the boulder measures roughly 40 x 30 x 25 inches high, the longest axis pointing almost E-W. It may be a Cornish spilite, of the pillow-lava type of igneous rock, which occurs in the Meneage district and elsewhere in Cornwall.

No. 7. The next erratic of this group is the hyalopilitic andesite, also previously described with No. 6 above. It is now situated on the right of the gated portion of the driveway to Combrew Farm, and is a glassy, brittle andesite, quite different from any of the foregoing rocks. Well rounded and about sixteen inches across, it contains no augite, but otherwise resembles similar rocks of Dumfries and Loch Craignish, Argyllshire.

No. 8. The rock from the Fishley Pottery clay-pit has hitherto merely been mentioned as "an igneous boulder" which may now be found on the right-hand, inside the gate of the first building (the old disused pottery) on approaching Combrew Farm from the main road. It is well covered with lichen, with flat top and base, and measures 47 x 19 x 16 inches high. Of a light grey colour, it is holocrystalline, with some quartz and much felspar, which appears altered; little mica could be observed. The texture is rather granitic, with a fine, pale coloured base containing the larger phenocrysts of quartz and felspar up to 5 mm. in size, but averaging 3 mm.

Various rocks, maybe the erratics, appear to still be on the roadside and pictured on Google Streetview.

  https://maps.app.goo.gl/VWN42wA1u1PbG6zZ9

 https://maps.app.goo.gl/ijcV53LLrDUywAKR8

 

 https://maps.app.goo.gl/mMB82AMYzt4KxPjN7

 https://maps.app.goo.gl/8uvFckNu1TB7BFhd6

 

 https://maps.app.goo.gl/iocQpaVFEwAGqQ176

 

UPDATE – I visited the farm on 2 November 2025 and photographed and measured the rocks.

 

No.7, the 16 inch well rounded erratic, which was on the wall, and was given a possible Scottish source is still there. This is the most important erratic in determining the source of the clays and erratics.

  

 

 

Erratic No.6 may be also by the farm entrance, the size is similar to the quoted size (40 x 30 x 25 inches) and it is “a dark grey, finely crystalline rock” .

If it is the same erratic it has been rotated so it doesn’t match Taylor’s photo exactly.

  

 

The other two roadside erratics are much smaller and are conglomerates, one looks very like a sarsen type puddingstone. They don’t match any of the erratic descriptions.

The 1938 Stonehenge Vandalism Incident: Larkhill Officers and the Onset of War

On the night of 16 June 1938, four recently commissioned Second Lieutenants of the Royal Artillery, William Laurence Sherrard, William Howard Skinner, John Edward Passingham Pierce, and John Lambert Shearme (erroneously noted as Shearne in some reports) engaged in an act of vandalism at Stonehenge. This episode, occurring amid the escalating tensions preceding the Second World War, exemplifies the occasional lapses in discipline among junior officers during a period of transition from peacetime routines to wartime preparedness. All four were in their early twenties, having completed training courses at Larkhill Garrison near Salisbury, and were due to depart for new postings the following day.

The Incident

Following a guest night at the Larkhill officers' mess, the group acquired green paint and brushes from the garrison's tennis courts. They applied paint to four upright sarsen stones in the main circle and portions of the Heel Stone also know as the Friar's Heel. Reports indicate the inscription of the phrase "Does this look like a friar?" on the stone. Additionally, several chamber pots were placed atop the affected monoliths.

They also altered a road sign on the London-Exeter trunk road (the A303). Contemporary accounts describe the addition of a letter to the destination "Exeter," though the precise modification—believed to render it as "Sexeter"—was omitted from published reports due to its indelicate nature.

The vandalism was discovered the following morning, prompting immediate concern from the site's custodians and local authorities.

Legal Proceedings and Response

The incident drew widespread press attention, with an estimated 60 officers from Larkhill initially requested to come forward. Sherrard, Skinner, Pierce, and Shearme voluntarily confessed, demonstrating a commitment to accountability consistent with the era's expectations of officers and gentlemen. They appeared before Salisbury Magistrates' Court, where they pleaded guilty to charges of criminal damage.

Each was fined £1, with the group collectively ordered to pay £20 in costs and restoration expenses. The presiding magistrate noted that the stones' natural patina might require up to 1,000 years of weathering to fully recover. Their commanding officer at Larkhill issued an official reprimand, but no further military sanctions were recorded. The leniency reflects the context of youthful indiscretion on the cusp of war, when such pranks were not uncommon among subalterns.

Wartime and Postwar Careers

The outbreak of war in September 1939 dispersed the group, their subsequent records reflecting diverse trajectories within the Royal Artillery:

• William Laurence Sherrard: Commissioned on 28 January 1938 after training at the School of Anti-Aircraft Defence, Biggin Hill. Promoted to Captain, he deployed to Sumatra in 1941 to defend oil installations. Killed in action on 14 February 1942 during a Japanese paratroop assault at Pladjoe airfield, where his unit faced superior numbers. Mentioned in Despatches for gallantry; commemorated on the Ditchling War Memorial, Sussex.
• William Howard Skinner: Born in Bengal in 1918. Also commissioned on 28 January 1938, following anti-aircraft training at Biggin Hill. No further public records of promotions, postings, or honours have been identified, though his survival through the war is confirmed by the absence of casualty entries. Likely served in defensive roles during the early conflict. Died Lingfield, Surrey 2000.
• John Edward Passingham Pierce: Commissioned on 28 January 1938, attached to the 22nd Anti-Aircraft Battery at the Royal Artillery Experimental Camp, Watchet. Advanced to Lieutenant-Colonel (service number 74538) by the early 1960s. Appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1962 New Year Honours for services to the Royal Artillery; retired to the Regular Army Reserve of Officers thereafter.
• John Lambert Shearme: Commissioned on 28 January 1938, attached to the Coast Artillery School at Shoeburyness. Promoted to Major (service number 74525); retired on pay on 29 September 1958, retaining reserve liability. His coastal defence specialisation suggests involvement in home-based anti-invasion measures.

Fremington Clay Erratics - Dewey and Taylor descriptions

 From Dewey, H. (1910). Notes on some igneous rocks from North Devon. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 21(4), 429–434.

 

…boulders (III. and IV.) occur in the neighbourhood of Bickington, one (No. IV.) in front of Combrew Farm, and the other (No. III.) on a green about a quarter of a mile to the east of this locality.

The boulder No. III. (green quarter of a mile east of Combrew, 6-inch Ordnance Map, Devon, xiii, N.W.; 1-inch Sheet 293 Barnstaple) is a dark grey, finely crystalline rock with small white porphyritic felspars in the groundmass. Under the microscope it is seen to be rich in albite felspar, which occurs in the form of small plates and laths (Pl. XXIX, Fig. 3). These felspars lie in a groundmass of micropegmatite, but no free quartz is visible. In parts of the slide the granophyric groundmass appears to fill vesicles, and in other cases vesicles are filled with pleochroic calcite. If the rock ever contained a ferromagnesian constituent it could not have been plentiful, and is now completely replaced by chlorite.

In many respects the rock resembles the spilites of North and East Cornwall. The granophyric structure is not seen in the spilites, and in this rock it is mostly of secondary origin filling the vesicles. The other characters, however, resemble the spilites very closely, namely, the small albite felspars, the scarcity of ferromagnesian minerals and their replacement by chlorite; the absence of free quartz and the vesicular groundmass. It is possible that this boulder was derived from North Cornwall, but it is not safe to infer from the data available that it was probably derived from that area.

(click to enlarge)

By far the most interesting rock of those collected is the one found in front of Combrew Farm, boulder No. IV (6-inch Ordnance Map, Devon, xiii, N. W.; 1-inch Sheet 293, Barnstaple). It has been placed on the wall bounding a flower garden in front of the house. The rock is dark grey-green, with large pale olive-green felspars which are glassy and easily chipped from the rock. Microscopic examination reveals its glassy and porphyritic nature (Pl. XXIX., Fig. 4). It possesses felspars of two generations, but both are acid labradorite. The larger ones form a quarter of the rock, and the smaller occur in about equal quantities with the glassy base. The ferromagnesian constituent is a rhombic pyroxene which occurs to the entire exclusion of all other ferromagnesian minerals, for there is no augite, hornblende, or olivine. It occurs as small prisms, nearly the same size as the small felspars of the ground mass, with good cleavages, strong pleochroism, and straight extinction, and the pleochroism ranges from green to reddish yellow. Of the felspathic constituents the larger crystals are perfectly fresh and twinned on the albite and pericline laws, have high angles of extinction in symmetrical twins on each side of the plane of twinning, high refractive indices (the refractive index of this felspar is 1560, and the felspar is thus composed of 50% Ab. and 50% An., or in other words, is an acid labradorite), and inclusions arranged in well-marked zones. The small felspars are twinned on the albite law, but do not differ from the larger ones in their composition and freshness. There is no quartz present in the slide, but magnetite is abundant, and occurs as rods and feathery masses, and also as fine thin lines in the glassy base forming a network or gridiron structure. The crystalline constituents are embedded in a brown glass which constitutes about half the rock. In places this glass passes into the large felspar crystals by insensible gradations, there being no sign of a crystalline boundary between the two; but there is a well-marked zonal border in the brown glass surrounding the felspar.

The rock may be described as a hypersthene andesite. In many respects it resembles the Tholeite of Watt Carrick, Dumfries (1-inch Sheet 10, Scotland), and the hypersthene rocks of Curachan, Loch Craignish, Argyll (1-inch Sheet 36, Scotland), but all of these rocks contain considerable quantities of augite, whereas this rock is free from augite.

 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

From: Taylor, C. W., 1956. Erratics of the Saunton and Fremington areas. Rep. Trans. Devon. Ass. Advmt Sci., 88, 52—64.

 Fremington Area

"There are two boulders from this district which are mentioned in the literature, and both of them were found without any difficulty, as they are preserved, and it would appear that enquiries for them are not infrequent. The present owner of Combrew Farm, Mr. Tucker, is aware of their interest, and unnecessary "hammering" is discouraged. The third boulder, which, though mentioned, has not so far been described or figured, came originally from the clay-pit of the old Fishley Pottery, now long disused, while as regards recent finds, two further masses have been obtained from the brown clay of Brannam's pit and are noted below. Although the literature makes no mention of the fact, the boulders Nos. 6 and 7 following are understood from local information to have been found also in the clay of the Fishley pit.

No. 6. A boulder is mentioned by Dewey¹¹ as at Bickington, about a quarter mile east of Combrew Farm, but owing to development, it has recently been moved to the garden on the right of the gateway to the main yard of the Farm. In case any ultra-zealous Glacialist should fit certain scars on portions of this rock, the author hastens to mention that it was dragged in its present position instead of being ruthlessly broken up on site, a consideration which is highly appreciated.

The original measurements and photograph have been given by Dewey, which need not be repeated here; it may be added, however, that the mass shows no distinct striae or wedge-shape, and the boulder measures roughly 40 x 30 x 25 inches high, the longest axis pointing almost E-W. It may be a Cornish spilite, of the pillow-lava type of igneous rock, which occurs in the Meneage district and elsewhere in Cornwall.

No. 7. The next erratic of this group is the hyalopilitic andesite, also previously described with No. 6 above. It is now situated on the right of the gated portion of the driveway to Combrew Farm, and is a glassy, brittle andesite, quite different from any of the foregoing rocks. Well rounded and about sixteen inches across, it contains no augite, but otherwise resembles similar rocks of Dumfries and Loch Craignish, Argyllshire.

No. 8. The rock from the Fishley Pottery clay-pit has hitherto merely been mentioned as "an igneous boulder" which may now be found on the right-hand, inside the gate of the first building (the old disused pottery) on approaching Combrew Farm from the main road. It is well covered with lichen, with flat top and base, and measures 47 x 19 x 16 inches high. Of a light grey colour, it is holocrystalline, with some quartz and much felspar, which appears altered; little mica could be observed. The texture is rather granitic, with a fine, pale coloured base containing the larger phenocrysts of quartz and felspar up to 5 mm. in size, but averaging 3 mm.

A section of this specimen under the microscope shews it to be a much altered quartz porphyry, with crushed and irregular crystals of plagioclase, porphyritic quartz and long prisms of apatite, with a matrix nearly amorphous and red; epidote appears to have replaced part of the mosaic. This is regarded as a highly peculiar textural type, which may be derived from a fairly local source, such as the porphyritic dyke, west of the coasts of Devon and Cornwall.

No. 9. Across the fields in a south easterly direction from Combrew Farm, and through the coarse white clay in the adjacent Brannam's pits (to be distinguished from the Fishley Pottery) there were found two masses of boulders. The better-shaped boulder of the pair showed considerable rounding and exhibits a regular ellipsoidal form, but with lower mean weight, which was found in the clay. It is a highly crystalline and compact igneous rock of a grey colour, the texture resembling a very fine grained granite; a soft milky white crystal of felspar can be seen with a lens, while weak and indicates the presence of a little calcite. Also it includes highly kaolinized felspar, but still revealing the original lath outline, with a small proportion of quartz. Augite is reddish fresh, altering only slightly around the edges, while a little magnetite occurs, and a small amount of secondary calcite. Long needle prisms of apatite are present, with longitudinal inclusions and penetrating other minerals. The quartz, to judge from the textural arrangement, is probably of primary formation.

This rock appears to be a quartz dolerite, with none but a trace of a sub-ophitic texture, and has no characteristic which would enable a source to be named. Its main interest, as is the case with the other boulders here, lies in being included amongst this deposit of clay, the origin of which has given rise to intermittent discussion since the 1860's.

No. 10. A further rock from the same clay-pit as No. 9 may be found, in two pieces, by the surface at the far side of the pit, also of about three hundredweight, and of irregular, angular shape. It is of somewhat similar appearance to the foregoing, but of a darker grey and more crystalline. Again soft felspar crystals may be observed in the interior and with some calcite, indicated by weak acid. Examination of a thin section shows micro-pegmatitic ophitic structure with crossed flows, with tabs of plagioclase enclosed, and prisms of ilmenite are oriented transverse to the cracks. Grains of olivine under the thin section appear yellow. The quartz is light in colour but the texture shows slight orientation. Some extinction occurs here and there in the felspars. This boulder, an olivine dolerite, is quite fresh, but like the foregoing example, offers no means of determining its source; as mentioned under 5b, it is not an uncommon type in Devon.

Through the kind advice of Miss M. A. Arber, the Brannam clay-pit was later again visited to inspect further smaller finds which had been obtained at a depth of 17 feet. One of these proved to be a two-inch smoothed and rounded pebble of olivine dolerite, similar to No. 10 above, while the other comprised a five-inch slab of waterworn Carboniferous grit an inch and a quarter thick. This fragment has its two flat surfaces still partly covered with a smooth, red skin which proved to be ferric oxide, probably deposited by infiltration in situ along bedding cracks. These pebbles call for no further comment, save perhaps that the skin suggests that the grit was waterworn mainly before inclusion in the clay, as otherwise the skin might be expected to be completely removed.

Thus, so far as can be traced from the literature at the author's disposal, all the principal erratics mentioned from time to time as being in this area are still in existence, while a few additional blocks of local or foreign sources may be found at odd points. The older literature also mentioned casually by J. Prestwich, "a smaller block of fine grained white granite, and another of quartz grit, on the beach, S. of the cliff." Neither of these is known to the present writer, while there are several blocks of igneous rock to be found seen on the river or covered by sand. Again in his 1879 Memoir of the North Devon Athenæum there is a specimen labelled "Granite Boulder, Raised Beach, Baggy", but no other note is available.

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 Summary of Fremington Erratics: Dewey (1910) and Taylor (1956)

Original Descriptions

Dewey (1910)

Two principal igneous boulders were described near Combrew Farm, Bickington:

1. Boulder III (east of Combrew Farm)
• Fine-grained dark grey rock with small white felspars (albite).
• Groundmass of micropegmatite, vesicular with calcite fillings.
• No quartz, little or no ferromagnesian minerals (replaced by chlorite).
• Compared to spilites (altered basalts) of North and East Cornwall, though not identical.
• Possible but uncertain source: North Cornwall.
2. Boulder IV (Combrew Farm garden)
• Dark grey-green, glassy and porphyritic, with large acid labradorite felspars.
• Contains hypersthene as only ferromagnesian mineral (no augite or olivine).
• Abundant magnetite; about half of rock is brown glass.
• Identified as a hypersthene andesite.
• Comparison: Similar to rocks from Watt Carrick (Dumfries) and Loch Craignish (Argyll), but differing by lack of augite.
• Suggested source: Uncertain—Scotland suggested by comparison, but not confirmed.

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Taylor (1956)

Taylor relocated and re-described the same boulders and several others from the Fremington and Saunton clays.

1. No. 6 – Crinan spilite
• The same as Dewey’s Boulder III.
• Suggested similarity to Crinan spilitic pillow lavas (Cornwall).
• Probable Cornish source.
2. No. 7 – Hyalopilitic andesite
• Dewey’s Boulder IV.
• Glassy andesite, well-rounded, no augite.
• Similar to Dumfries and Loch Craignish rocks, but not identical.
• Possible Scottish or western British source.
3. No. 8 – Quartz porphyry (Fishley Pottery pit)
• Light grey, granitic texture, much-altered quartz and felspar.
• Possible local source, perhaps a Devon or Cornwall porphyritic dyke.
4. Nos. 9 & 10 – Quartz dolerite and olivine dolerite (Brannam’s clay pits)
• Compact igneous rocks, rounded or angular, unstratified in the Fremington Clay.
• No diagnostic features for distant transport.
• Suggested local origin, possibly Devon intrusions.

Original Provenance Views

• Dewey: Cautious; local/Cornish likely, Scottish comparisons tentative.
• Taylor: Strongly local (Devon–Cornwall intrusions/dykes); erratics support periglacial/fluvial reworking, not distant ice.

Modern Interpretation (Post-1956)

1. Nature of the Fremington Clays

Modern sedimentological and palaeoclimatic work (Croot et al., 1996; Bennett et al., 2024); interprets the Fremington Clays as:

• Late Pleistocene slope and periglacial deposits, possibly including solifluction and fluvial components.
• Not definitively glacial till — no evidence for direct ice-sheet deposition in North Devon.
• Erratics were likely incorporated into the clay by local mass-movement or river reworking, not transported by ice.

2. Source and Petrology

Later petrographic and geochemical comparisons confirm:

• These erratics from the Fremington/Bickington clays (near Combrew Farm) could plausibly all derive from the northern Dartmoor aureole (e.g., Meldon-Sourton inliers, SX 56-53), a Carboniferous volcanic-sedimentary sequence with spilites, andesites, and intrusives partially hornfelsed by the granite. Fluvial/glacial transport via the Taw/Okement system (10–20 km) fits, as BGS maps show matching lithologies in the Posidonia Shale and Crackington Formations. Key alignments:

  • Boulders III/6 (spilite-like): Albite-rich, chloritised, vesicular with secondary granophyric infill—mirrors Meldon spilitic pillow lavas (chlorite-epidote altered basalts); granophyric is a low-grade metamorphic overprint, not requiring Cornish import.
  • Boulder IV/7 (hypersthene andesite): Porphyritic acid labradorite, exclusive rhombic pyroxene (hypersthene), glassy base, no augite—directly matches rare hypersthene-phyric andesite lenses in Meldon tuffs, distinct from Scottish augite-bearing types.
  • Boulder 8 (quartz porphyry): Altered plagioclase-quartz with epidote, apatite prisms—resembles porphyritic rhyolitic dykes/sills in the aureole's eastern margin (e.g., near Mary Tavy), where devonisation yields similar amorphous matrices.
  • Boulders 9/10 (quartz/olivine dolerites): Fine-grained, ophitic with augite/olivine, micropegmatite, ilmenite—common in aureole basic intrusives (e.g., Meldon dolerite sheets), including kaolinised felspars from hydrothermal alteration; apatite needles are diagnostic of local Carboniferous mafics.
  • Minor finds (olivine dolerite pebble, Carboniferous grit): Ubiquitous in aureole stream gravels; oxide skins suggest pre-depositional wear, aligning with Okement-derived entrainment.

  While some (e.g., porphyry) allow non-local alternatives (Cornish dykes), the cluster's mafic-intermediate dominance and shared alteration (chlorite, epidote, calcite) strongly favour a unified aureole source over disparate exotics.

Boulder	Lithology	Key Features	Original Source Suggestion	Modern Consensus
III/No. 6	Spilite	Vesicular albite, micropegmatite, chlorite	Cornwall spilites	SW England volcanics (Cornwall/Dartmoor)
IV/No. 7	Hypersthene andesite	Glassy labradorite, hypersthene, no augite	Scottish (tentative)	Local SW dykes (Tamar/Dartmoor)
No. 8	Quartz porphyry	Altered phenocrysts, epidote	Local dyke	Devon–Cornwall intrusions
No. 9	Quartz dolerite	Ophitic augite, apatite	Local Devon	Dartmoor dykes (Meldon)
No. 10	Olivine dolerite	Yellow olivine, ilmenite	Local Devon	Devon minor intrusions

 

Conclusion: Erratics are local, fitting periglacial/fluvial processes; no glacial long-distance transport needed.

No modern studies have found evidence of northern or foreign erratics in the Fremington Clays. Their presence aligns with local volcanic and intrusive lithologies of Devon and Cornwall, reworked into periglacial or fluvial clays during Late Pleistocene climatic episodes.